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Audio compression technologies

Dolby Digital
Dolby-Digital.svg
Abbreviation DD
Formation 1986
Type Audio compression format, lossy compression
Location
  • United states

Expanse served

Worldwide
Website professional.dolby.com/television set/dolby-digital/

Dolby Digital, originally synonymous with Dolby AC-3, is the proper noun for what has now get a family of audio pinch technologies developed by Dolby Laboratories. Originally named Dolby Stereo Digital until 1995, except for Dolby TrueHD, the audio compression is lossy, based on the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) algorithm. The first utilize of Dolby Digital was to provide digital sound in cinemas from 35 mm picture prints; today, it is now as well used for applications such as Television set broadcast, radio broadcast via satellite, digital video streaming, DVDs, Blu-ray discs and game consoles.

The primary basis of the Dolby Ac-three multi-aqueduct audio coding standard is the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT), a lossy sound compression algorithm.[i] It is a modification of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) algorithm, which was showtime proposed by Nasir Ahmed in 1972 and was originally intended for paradigm compression.[2] The DCT was adapted into the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) past J.P. Princen, A.W. Johnson and Alan B. Bradley at the University of Surrey in 1987.[three]

Dolby Laboratories adapted the MDCT algorithm along with perceptual coding principles to develop the Ac-3 sound format for cinema needs. The AC-3 format was released equally the Dolby Digital standard in 1991.[4] Dolby Digital was the earliest MDCT-based sound pinch standard to be released, and was followed by other MDCT-based sound compression standards for home and portable usage, such as Sony'south ATRAC (1992), the MP3 standard (1993) and AAC (1997).[five]

Cinema [edit]

Batman Returns was the outset film to exist announced as using Dolby SR-D (Spectral Recording-Digital) engineering when it premiered in theaters in the summertime of 1992.[half-dozen] Dolby Digital movie theater soundtracks are optically recorded on a 35 mm release print using sequential data blocks placed between every perforation hole on the sound rail side of the film. A constant bit rate of 320 kbit/s is used. A charge-coupled device (CCD) scanner in the image projector picks upwards a scanned video prototype of this area, and a processor correlates the epitome area and extracts the digital information every bit an Ac-3 bitstream. The data is then decoded into a 5.1 channel audio source. All film prints with Dolby Digital data besides have Dolby Stereo analogue soundtracks using Dolby SR noise reduction and such prints are known every bit Dolby SR-D prints. The analogue soundtrack provides a fall-back option in instance of damage to the data surface area or failure of the digital decoding; it besides provides compatibility with projectors non equipped with digital soundheads. Almost all current release cinema prints are of this type and may also include SDDS data and a timecode rail to synchronize CD-ROMs conveying DTS soundtracks.

A Dolby Digital Penthouse Soundhead mounted on a mid-1950s vintage Kalee model 20 projector

A photograph of a 35 mm film impress featuring all four sound formats (or quad runway)- from left to right: Sony Dynamic Digital Audio (SDDS) (bluish area to the left of the sprocket holes), Dolby Digital (gray area betwixt the sprocket holes labelled with the Dolby Double-D logo in the eye), analog optical audio (the two white lines to the right of the sprocket holes), and the DTS fourth dimension code (the dashed line to the far right)

The simplest way of converting existing projectors is to add a so-called penthouse digital soundhead above the projector head. However, for new projectors information technology made sense to use dual counterpart/digital soundheads in the normal optical soundhead position nether the projector head. To let for the dual-soundhead arrangement the data is recorded 26 frames alee of the picture. If a penthouse soundhead is used, the data must be delayed in the processor for the required corporeality of time, around 2 seconds. This delay tin be adjusted in steps of the time betwixt perforations, (approximately 10.four ms).

Equally of 2015[update], Dolby Digital in motion picture sound mixing is being gradually replaced with Dolby Surround seven.1, with the more advanced Dolby Atmos applied science also gaining in popularity. While the majority of pic theaters currently employ Dolby Digital, about all films released today are mixed in Dolby Surround 7.1 and Dolby Atmos.

Versions [edit]

Dolby Digital[seven] has like technologies, included in Dolby Digital EX,[8] Dolby Digital Alive,[9] Dolby Digital Plus,[10] Dolby Digital Environs EX,[11] Dolby Digital Recording,[12] Dolby Digital Movie theatre,[13] Dolby Digital Stereo Creator[xiv] and Dolby Digital 5.one Creator.[15]

Dolby Digital [edit]

The old Dolby Digital logo, entitled "Aurora", that was sometimes shown at the outset of broadcasts, feature films, and video games

The old Dolby Digital logo

Dolby Digital is the common version containing upwardly to six discrete channels of audio. The nearly elaborate mode in mutual use involves five channels for normal-range speakers (20 Hz – xx,000 Hz) (right, heart, left, right surroundings, left surround) and one channel (xx Hz – 120 Hz allotted sound) for the subwoofer driven depression-frequency effects.[16] Mono and stereo modes are too supported. Air-conditioning-3 supports audio sample-rates up to 48 kHz.

This format has dissimilar names:

  • Dolby Digital
  • DD (an abbreviation for Dolby Digital, often combined with channel count; for instance, DD 2.0, DD five.1)
  • Air conditioning-3 (Audio Codec 3, Avant-garde Codec 3, Acoustic Coder 3. [These are backronyms. Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding iii is a separate format adult past Sony.])[17]
  • ATSC A/52 (proper name of the standard)[18]
  • Before 1996, was marketed every bit Dolby Surround Ac-three, Dolby Stereo Digital, and Dolby SRD.[19]

In 1991, a express experimental release of Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country in Dolby Digital played in 3 U.s. theatres.[19] In 1992, Batman Returns is the first movie to be released in Dolby Digital.[20] [21] In 1995, the LaserDisc version of Clear and Present Danger featured the first home theater Dolby Digital mix, quickly followed by True Lies, Stargate, Forrest Gump, and Interview with the Vampire among others.[22] [23]

Dolby Digital EX [edit]

Dolby Digital EX is like in do to Dolby's earlier Pro Logic format, which utilized matrix engineering science to add a heart surround channel and unmarried rear environs aqueduct to stereo soundtracks. EX adds an extension to the standard v.ane aqueduct Dolby Digital codec in the form of matrixed rear channels, creating 6.i or 7.1 channel output.

Dolby Digital Surround EX [edit]

It provides an economic and backwards-uniform means for 5.1 soundtracks to conduct a sixth, center back surroundings channel for improved localization of effects. The actress surround aqueduct is matrix encoded onto the discrete left surround and right surround channels of the five.1 mix, much like the front center channel on Dolby Pro Logic encoded stereo soundtracks. The upshot can exist played without loss of information on standard five.ane systems, or played in 6.1 or 7.1 on systems with Surround EX decoding and added speakers. A number of DVDs have a Dolby Digital Surround EX sound option.

The movie house version of Dolby Digital EX was introduced in 1999, when Dolby and Skywalker Audio, a partitioning of Lucasfilm Ltd., codeveloped Dolby Digital Surround EX™ for the release of Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace.[twenty] [24] Dolby Digital Surround EX has since been used on the DVD releases of the Star Wars prequel and original trilogies.[24]

A Dolby dwelling theater badge on a laptop estimator

Dolby Digital Live [edit]

Dolby Digital Live (DDL) is a real-time encoding technology for interactive media such every bit video games. It converts whatsoever audio signals on a PC or game console into a 5.i-channel 16-fleck/48 kHz Dolby Digital format at 640 kbit/s and transports information technology via a single Southward/PDIF cablevision.[25] A like technology known every bit DTS Connect is bachelor from competitor DTS. An important benefit of this technology is that it enables the use of digital multichannel audio with consumer sound cards, which are otherwise express to digital PCM stereo or analog multichannel sound because S/PDIF over RCA, BNC, and TOSLINK can only support two-channel PCM, Dolby Digital multichannel audio, and DTS multichannel audio. HDMI was later introduced, and it can acquit uncompressed multichannel PCM, lossless compressed multichannel audio, and lossy compressed digital audio. Even so, Dolby Digital Live is still useful with HDMI to allow transport of multichannel audio over HDMI to devices that are unable to handle uncompressed multichannel PCM.

Dolby Digital Live is available in sound cards using various manufacturers' audio chipsets. The SoundStorm, used for the Xbox game console and certain nForce2 motherboards, used an early on grade of this technology. DDL is available on motherboards with codecs such as Realtek's ALC882D,[26] ALC888DD and ALC888H. Other examples include some C-Media PCI sound cards and Artistic Labs' 10-Fi and Z serial sound cards, whose drivers have enabled support for DDL.

NVIDIA later decided to driblet DDL support in their motherboards due to the toll of involved royalties, leaving an empty infinite in this regard in the sound cards market. So in June 2005 came Auzentech, which with its X-Mystique PCI card, provided the outset consumer audio card with Dolby Digital Live support.

Initially no Artistic X-Fi based audio cards supported DDL (2005~2007) but a collaboration of Artistic and Auzentech resulted in the development of the Auzentech Prelude, the first 10-Fi carte du jour to back up DDL. Originally planned to extend DDL support to all X-Fi based sound cards (except the 'Xtreme Audio' line which is incapable of DDL hardware implementation), the plan was dropped considering Dolby licensing would have required a royalty payment for all X-Fi cards and, problematically, those already sold.[27] In 2008, Artistic released the 10-Fi Titanium serial of audio cards which fully supports Dolby Digital Live while leaving all PCI versions of Creative X-Fi withal lacking support for DDL.

Since September 2008, all Creative X-Fi based sound cards support DDL (except the 'Xtreme Audio' and its based line such as Prodigy seven.1e, which is incapable of DDL in hardware). X-Fi's case differs.

While they forgot virtually the plan, developer Daniel Kawakami fabricated a hot issue by applying Auzentech Prelude DDL module back to Artistic X-Fi cards by disguising the hardware identity as Auzentech Prelude.[28]

Creative Labs alleged Kawakami violated their intellectual property and demanded he cease distributing his modified drivers. [29] [30] [31]

Eventually Artistic struck an understanding with Dolby Laboratories regarding the Dolby license royalty by arranging that the licensing cost be folded into the purchase toll of the Creative Ten-Fi PCI cards rather than as a royalty paid past Creative themselves.[27] Based on the agreement, in September 2008 Creative began selling the Dolby Digital Live packs enabling Dolby Digital Alive on Creative's 10-Fi PCI series of audio cards. It tin can be purchased and downloaded from Creative. Subsequently, Artistic added their DTS Connect pack to the DDL pack at no added cost.[32]

Dolby Digital Plus [edit]

E-AC-iii (Dolby Digital Plus) is an enhanced coding organization based on the AC-3 codec. Information technology offers increased bitrates (upwards to 6.144 Mbit/s), support for fifty-fifty more audio channels (upwardly to 15.1 detached channels[33] in the futurity), and improved coding techniques (only at low information rates) to reduce compression artifacts, enabling lower data rates than those supported by Ac-3 (e.g. five.1-aqueduct sound at 256 kbit/southward). It is not backward uniform with existing Air conditioning-3 hardware, though Eastward-AC-3 codecs more often than not are capable of transcoding to Air-conditioning-3 for equipment connected via S/PDIF. E-AC-3 decoders tin can also decode Ac-3 bitstreams. The quaternary generation Apple TV supports Eastward-Air-conditioning-three.[34] The discontinued HD DVD system directly supported E-AC-three. Blu-ray Disc offers Eastward-AC-3 as an selection to graft added channels onto an otherwise v.1 Ac-3 stream, likewise as for delivery of secondary audio content (due east.chiliad. director's commentary) that is intended to be mixed with the primary audio soundtrack in the Blu-ray Disc player.

Dolby Ac-4 [edit]

Dolby AC-4 is an audio compression standard supporting multiple audio channels and/or audio objects. Support for 5.1 channel audio is mandatory and additional channels upwardly to vii.1.iv are optional.[35] AC-4 provides a 50% reduction in bit rate over AC-three/Dolby Digital Plus.[35]

Dolby TrueHD [edit]

Dolby TrueHD, developed by Dolby Laboratories, is an avant-garde lossless audio codec based on Superlative Lossless Packing. Support for the codec was mandatory for HD DVD and is optional for Blu-ray Disc hardware. Dolby TrueHD supports 24-bit chip depths and sample rates up to 192 kHz. Maximum bitrate is 18 Mbit/s while information technology supports upwards to 16 sound channels (Hard disk drive DVD and Blu-ray Disc standards currently limit the maximum number of audio channels to 8). Information technology supports metadata, including dialog normalization and Dynamic Range Control.

Channel configurations [edit]

Although usually associated with the 5.1 channel configuration, Dolby Digital allows a number of different channel selections. The options are:

  • Dolby Digital 1/0 – Mono (center simply)
  • Dolby Digital 2/0 – 2-channel stereo (left + right), optionally carrying matrixed Dolby Environs
  • Dolby Digital three/0 – 3-channel stereo (left, heart, right)
  • Dolby Digital 2/one – 2-channel stereo with mono surround (left, correct, surroundings)
  • Dolby Digital 3/i – three-channel stereo with mono surround (left, centre, right, environment)
  • Dolby Digital 2/2 – 4-aqueduct quadraphonic (left, right, left surround, right surroundings)
  • Dolby Digital iii/2 – 5-channel environs (left, heart, correct, left surround, right environs)

These configurations optionally include the extra low-frequency effects (LFE) aqueduct. The last ii with stereo surrounds optionally use Dolby Digital EX matrix encoding to add an extra Rear Surround channel.

Many Dolby Digital decoders are equipped with downmixing to distribute encoded channels to speakers. This includes such functions as playing surround information through the front speakers if surround speakers are unavailable, and distributing the eye channel to left and correct if no middle speaker is available. When outputting to dissever equipment over a 2-channel connectedness, a Dolby Digital decoder can optionally encode the output using Dolby Environment to preserve surround information.

The '.1' in 5.ane, 7.1 etc. refers to the LFE channel, which is also a discrete aqueduct.

Applications [edit]

Dolby Digital audio is used on DVD-Video and other purely digital media, like dwelling cinema. In this format, the AC-3 bitstream is interleaved with the video and control bitstreams.

The system is used in bandwidth-limited applications other than DVD-Video, such as digital TV. The AC-three standard allows a maximum coded bit charge per unit of 640 kbit/southward. 35 mm film prints use a fixed rate of 320 kbit/s, which is the same every bit the maximum fleck rate for two-aqueduct MP3. DVD-Video discs are limited to 448 kbit/south, although many players can successfully play higher-charge per unit bitstreams (which are non-compliant with the DVD specification). HD DVD limits Air conditioning-three to 448 kbit/due south. ATSC and digital cable standards limit AC-3 to 448 kbit/s. Blu-ray Disc, the PlayStation 3 and the Xbox game console can output an AC-3 point at a full 640 kbit/s. Some Sony PlayStation ii console games are able to output AC-3 standard sound too, primarily during pre-rendered cutscenes.

Dolby is part of a group of organizations involved in the evolution of AAC (Advanced Audio Coding), part of MPEG specifications, and considered the successor to MP3.

Dolby Digital Plus (DD-Plus) and TrueHD are supported in Hard disk DVD, as mandatory codecs, and in Blu-ray Disc, as optional codecs.

Dolby technologies in packaged media formats [edit]

Hd DVD Blu-ray Disc DVD-Video DVD-Sound LaserDisc
Codec Player support Channels (max) Max bit rate Player back up Channels (max) Max flake rate Player support Channels (max) Max bit charge per unit Actor support Channels (max) Max scrap charge per unit Player back up Channels (max) Max scrap rate
Dolby Digital Mandatory 5.i 504 kbit/south Mandatory 5.one 640 kbit/s Mandatory five.1 448 kbit/s Optional in video zone for playback compatibility on DVD-Video players 5.one 448 kbit/s Optional v.ane 384 kbit/southward
Dolby Digital Plus 7.one 3 Mbit/s Optional 7.1 1.7 Mbit/s
Due north/A
Dolby TrueHD 7.1 eighteen Mbit/s 7.i 18 Mbit/due south

AC3RF [edit]

In the LaserDisc world AC3RF is the term widely placed on connectors of players that support Dolby Digital.[36] Specific demodulators and receivers from the LaserDisc era (1990s thru early 2000s) also include placement of this term on connectors.[36]

LaserDisc titles with Dolby Digital tracks often have THX logo on their covers.

Technical details [edit]

The data layout of Ac-3 is described by simplified "C-like" linguistic communication in official specifications. An AC-3 stream is a series of frames; the frame size code is used along with the sample charge per unit code to decide the number of (2-byte) words earlier the next syncword. Aqueduct blocks can be either long, in which case the entire block is processed as unmarried modified discrete cosine transform, or short, in which case ii half length transforms are performed on the block. Beneath is a simplified Air conditioning-3 header. A detailed clarification is in the ATSC "Digital Audio Compression (AC-3) (E-AC-3) Standard", department 5.4.

Field Proper name # of $.25 Description
Syncword 16 0x0B77, data transmission is left bit outset: big endian
Cyclic redundancy check 16
Sampling frequency 2 'xi'=reserved '10'=32 kHz '01'=44.1 '00'=48
Frame size code half-dozen
Bit stream identification 5
Flake stream style three '000'=main audio service
Audio coding mode 3 '010'=left, right channel ordering
Middle mix level 2
Environs mix level two
Dolby Surround style ii '00'=non indicated '01'= Not surround encoded 'ten'= Yes, surround encoded

License [edit]

AC3 was covered by patents (expired since March 2017). Patents were used to ask to pay a commercial license to publish an application that decodes AC3. This led some audio app developers to ban AC3 from their apps, although the open source VLC media player supported AC-three audio without having paid for whatever kind of patent license fee.[37]

In Dolby's 2005 original and amended Due south-ane filings with the SEC, Dolby best-selling that "Patents relating to our Dolby Digital technologies expire between 2008 and 2017."[38] [39] [xl]

The terminal patent covering AC-3 expired March twenty, 2017, so information technology is now generally free to use.[41] [42]

Open source implementation [edit]

A costless ATSC A/52 (AC3) stream decoder, liba52, is bachelor nether the GNU General Public License. FFmpeg and the VLC media role player each include lawmaking for treatment AC-3.

Come across as well [edit]

  • C-Media – producer of DDL audio chipsets used in many sound cards and motherboards
  • Dialnorm – Dolby Digital metadata parameter controlling decoder gain
  • Dolby Laboratories – visitor history and technology development
  • Dolby noise-reduction system – counterpart recording on magnetic tape, including compact cassette tapes
  • Dolby Stereo – first cinema analogue surround sound system
  • Dolby SR – professional analogue recording on magnetic tape
  • Dolby Surround – renamed Pro Logic in 1987
  • Dolby Pro Logic – consumer version of the Dolby Stereo counterpart surround sound system
  • Dolby TrueHD – lossless codec for Hard disk drive DVD and Blu-ray Disc
  • Dolby E – allows half-dozen to 8 channels of audio to be compressed into an AES3 digital audio stream
  • DTS (sound system) – formerly Digital Theater Systems
  • Home movie house
  • Loudspeaker
  • SoundStorm – a real-time AC-3 encoder included in certain nForce2 motherboards
  • THX

References [edit]

  1. ^ Andersen, Robert Loring; Crockett, Brett Graham; Davidson, Grant A.; Davis, Marking Franklin; Fielder, Louis D.; Turner, Stephen C.; Vinton, Mark S.; Williams, Phillip (October 2004). "Introduction to Dolby Digital Plus, an Enhancement to the Dolby Digital Coding System" (PDF). Audio Engineering science Society Convention (117th AES Convention): 1–29. Retrieved 17 Oct 2019.
  2. ^ Ahmed, Nasir (Jan 1991). "How I Came Upwards With the Discrete Cosine Transform". Digital Signal Processing. 1 (1): four–5. doi:x.1016/1051-2004(91)90086-Z.
  3. ^ Princen, J.P.; Johnson, A.W.; Bradley, Alan B. (1987). "Subband/Transform coding using filter bank designs based on time domain aliasing counterfoil". ICASSP '87. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Oral communication, and Point Processing. 12: 2161–2164. doi:10.1109/ICASSP.1987.1169405. S2CID 58446992.
  4. ^ Britanak, V. (2011). "On Properties, Relations, and Simplified Implementation of Filter Banks in the Dolby Digital (Plus) Ac-3 Audio Coding Standards". IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing. 19 (5): 1231–1241. doi:10.1109/TASL.2010.2087755. S2CID 897622.
  5. ^ Luo, Fa-Long (2008). Mobile Multimedia Broadcasting Standards: Technology and Practice. Springer Science & Concern Media. p. 590. ISBN9780387782638.
  6. ^ "Visitor NEWS: A Audio Idea; Dolby Theater Format Adapted to Dwelling Uses". The New York Times.
  7. ^ "Dolby – Dolby Digital Details". Dolby Laboratories.
  8. ^ "Dolby – What is Dolby Digital EX?". Dolby Laboratories.
  9. ^ "Dolby – What is Dolby Digital Live?". Dolby Laboratories.
  10. ^ "Dolby – Dolby Digital Plus Details". Dolby Laboratories.
  11. ^ "Dolby – What is Dolby Digital Environs EX?". Dolby Laboratories.
  12. ^ "Dolby – What is Dolby Digital Recording?". Dolby Laboratories.
  13. ^ "Dolby – Dolby Digital Cinema Details". Dolby Laboratories.
  14. ^ "Dolby – Dolby Digital Stereo Creator Details". Dolby Laboratories.
  15. ^ "Dolby – What is Dolby Digital 5.1 Creator?". Dolby Laboratories.
  16. ^ "Dolby-Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). Dolby Laboratories.
  17. ^ "Sony USA". Sony.
  18. ^ "A/52B: Digital Audio Compression (Ac-3) (E-Air conditioning-3) Standard, Rev. B". Avant-garde Tv Systems Committee. Archived from the original on 2010-09-eighteen. Retrieved 2010-08-06 .
  19. ^ a b "Motion picture Sound Chronology". spannerworks.cyberspace . Retrieved 2017-04-02 .
  20. ^ a b "History: 50 YEARS OF INNOVATION". Dolby Laboratories . Retrieved 2017-03-22 .
  21. ^ "'Batman Returns' To Endeavor Double Dolby". The Chicago Tribune. May 13, 1992. Retrieved 2017-03-22 .
  22. ^ "Laserdisc Database Search Past Date". Laserdisc Database . Retrieved 2017-04-02 .
  23. ^ "LaserDisc Database Clear and Present Danger". LaserDisc Database . Retrieved 2017-04-02 .
  24. ^ a b "Dolby Launches Dolby Digital Cinema in Theatres Worldwide with Star Wars Episode 3: Revenge of the Sith". Dolby Investor Relations . Retrieved 2017-03-22 .
  25. ^ "Dolby Digital Live". dolby.com. Dolby Laboratories. Archived from the original on Feb eight, 2007. Retrieved Nov 16, 2021.
  26. ^ Key, Gary (June eight, 2006). "Nvidia nForce 500: Biostar and MSI Aim for the Gold". AnandTech.
  27. ^ a b "A Korean respond comment (the fifth), which explains Dolby license royalty issue of X-Fi. Since the information leaked from SoundPrime, the Korean partner of Auzentech, all sources about this information are Korean".
  28. ^ "What Daniel_K wrote to the public is "This utility was written from scratch and does not comprise whatsoever copyrighted code. Creative's managing director of programmer relations, George Thorn told me, in a chat session, that is OK to provide mods equally patches. Information technology does non alter any executable or DLL, so it is NOT a crack." Daniel_K'due south driver MOD itself did non include any DDL module, until it began to back up Creative'southward official DDL pack. Daniel_K's 'DDLUnlocker.exe' merely used disguise to install Auzentech Prelude DDL module".
  29. ^ Beschizza, Rob (April 1, 2008). "Daniel_K, Who Stock-still Creative's Broken Vista Drivers, Speaks Out". Wired.com.
  30. ^ "There is BrokenBlaster blame about CL – Creative Labs, its much later than the issue but show common case who blame Creative Labs and admire Daniel_K". Creative Technology.
  31. ^ Beschizza, Rob (March 31, 2008). "Silence From Sound Card Maker Subsequently Client Revolt". Wired.
  32. ^ "Dolby Digital Live pack, its DDL pack just also say "Go DTS Connect Pack FREE! for every buy of Dolby Digital Alive Pack."". Artistic Technology.
  33. ^ "Dolby Digital Plus Sound Coding Tech Paper" (PDF).
  34. ^ "Apple tree Idiot box – Tech Specs". Retrieved 1 Jan 2017.
  35. ^ a b "Dolby Ac-4: Audio Commitment for Adjacent-Generation Amusement Services" (PDF). Dolby Laboratories. 2015-06-01. Retrieved 2016-04-26 .
  36. ^ a b "LaserDisc Database – Help – AC3RF / Dolby Digital".
  37. ^ VideoLAN. "VideoLAN – VLC – Features". Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  38. ^ "SEC Form S-1". ADOBE investor relations website. Retrieved 2017-03-22 .
  39. ^ "SEC Form S-1". U.s.a. Securities and Substitution Committee (SEC) EDGAR organisation, filed Nov 19, 2004. Retrieved 2017-03-22 .
  40. ^ "Subpoena No. 1 to SEC Form Southward-1". U.s.a. Securities and Exchange Committee (SEC) EDGAR system, amended February 12, 2005. Retrieved 2017-03-22 .
  41. ^ "The concluding patent on Air conditioning-3 (Dolby Digital) expires at midnight | Hacker News". news.ycombinator.com . Retrieved 2017-05-06 .
  42. ^ "AC3 Liberty Day – s". Ac3freedomday.org. Retrieved 2022-02-17 .

External links [edit]

  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata, Dolby Laboratories
  • ATSC standards
  • Digital Audio Compression Standard (AC-3, E-Ac-three) at the ATSC website

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